Criminal justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Criminal equity - Essay Example These subjects have been picked as a component of their interconnected nature just as the way that it is this creators conviction that every one of these circumstances attempts to exponentially entangle and aggravate the essential issue that the US criminal equity framework faces; to be specific congestion in its prison framework. The main issue that this investigation will consider identifies with the issue that has advanced from what this creator will regard â€Å"incarceration for profit†. Albeit barely any people in the United States know about this training, the truth is that it has developed from a separated rate to a multi-million dollar a year industry. The focal issue can be clarified as a framework whereby overburdened regions can't quickly manage the cost of the enormous cost that is called for so as to manufacture another prison framework. As an approach to overcome this issue while making a considerable benefit, private firms go into the condition and offer the di strict a joint endeavor which is as a rule hard to stand up to. These organizations offer to front the fundamental cash-flow to manufacture the office just as staff it with private contracting security firms. The catch at that point comes as the district consents to an all-encompassing lease of the office. In spite of the fact that at face esteem this may appear to be an astute route for a private firm to work to lighten the strains that a district may have with connection to jail packing, it is anyway marginally more evil than one would from the start assume. Because of the way that a private firm presently has stake in the criminal equity framework, a framework that seemingly the state and the state alone ought to have prevue over, the interests of recovery and change are set as auxiliary to generally benefit. Such a circumstance is counter to the very establishments of what the criminal equity framework should give to society. Thusly, imprisonment has become the essential focal p oint of strategy producers and neighborhood pioneers though the necessities of those detained just as the auxiliary destinations of restoration and change are everything except overlooked in a drive to give more â€Å"bed space† to existing and approaching guilty parties. This issue has been aggravated by a large group of strategy choices; a portion of these are past the extent of this individual investigation. In any case, two of the convoluting components will be talked about at more noteworthy length inside this examination. Moreover, the second test which faces the current criminal equity framework is the aftereffect of the bombed War on Drugs. The â€Å"war on drugs† started in 1971 as an order from President Richard M. Nixon. As opposed to participate in a theory length conversation concerning the idea of medication use and whether it is a harmless wrongdoing in the public arena, this paper will concentrate on the profanely significant expenses that are related w ith the ineffective indictment of this war on drugs. In 2010 alone, the United States government used more than 15 billion USD to battle the medication issue in the United States.1 This figure extends when one considers the way that taken on total, state and neighborhood governments used a further 25 billion dollars during exactly the same time frame. The use alone anyway is just a segment of the issue. Medication related captures represent in abundance of 13% of all captures that are made; more than some other wrongdoing as for

Understanding and Applying the Benefits of Learning Organizations Essay Example for Free

Comprehension and Applying the Benefits of Learning Organizations Essay With today’s expanding difficulties made by decent variety and multiplication of data, associations are consistently adjusting to address these turns of events and relate these patterns with the general goal of advancing its qualities and standards. Simultaneously, there has been a responsibility among establishments and associations to overcome any issues realized by social contrasts and struggle. It is through this zone they try to make a situation where dynamic learning and encouraging components of support happen. Working on this thought, there is a need towards making a domain wherein aggregate obligation and responsibility is cultivated. By applying this idea, better gratefulness can be deciphered and lead towards more prominent utilization of an organization’s in general reason. At long last, by perceiving the significance of qualities, objectives and rehearses and enhancing it with a suitable administration style, it can effectively encourage compelling transaction of intensity among individuals and enlarge the required territories for change. Hierarchical Learning versus Learning Organizations Prior to staying into the investigation of the idea, it is fundamental to separate the term authoritative learning with learning associations. This is significant on the grounds that it can give out the vital parameters where this term capacities and how it can make the practical open doors for application. Taking a gander at it, the term hierarchical learning goes around the activity to create and improve forms related to expand viability in both creation and yield. It works so that â€Å"organizations have put a lot of vitality in making upgrades in organization execution utilizing TQM, reengineering, outer experts and a large group of different methods worried about the persistent improvement processes† (Dar-El, 2000, p. 186). Then again, the term learning associations is a moderately new idea that looks to make a move towards change in a progressively all encompassing arrangement. â€Å"Learning associations [are] associations where individuals ceaselessly grow their ability to make the outcomes they genuinely want, where new and far reaching examples of reasoning are sustained, where aggregate goal is liberated, and where individuals are consistently figuring out how to see the entire together† (Smith, 2001, p. 1). It is around there that the individuals conceptualize on making a system that is admissive and receptive to the difficulties given. With these given, it very well may be contended that these two practices have distinctive standpoint towards the help of learning and improvement. Despite the fact that these two thoughts might be comparative in the advancement of progress, it has gotten unique on how it very well may be applied and executed inside an authoritative arrangement. â€Å"The writing on hierarchical learning has focused on the disengaged assortment and examination of the procedures engaged with individual and aggregate learning inside associations; though the learning associations writing has an activity direction, and is designed for utilizing explicit indicative and evaluative methodological devices which can assist with recognizing, advance and assess the nature of learning forms inside organizations† (Smith, 2001, p. 1). Application Applying the ideas given in my expert practice as an instructor, there have been a few features and components that can portray it as a learning associations. Among these rules that will be expounded include: (1) strategic vision, (2) qualities and standards, (3) correspondence/discourse, (4) criticism instrument, and (5) authority. These aspects have been instrumental towards managing both my instructive establishment and as an instructor to effectively address the difficulties of 21st century training and advance a domain wherein the understudy accomplishes development as well as the association I work for. In conclusion, these segments permit dynamic estimations that both correspond with guidelines and expanding needs of understudies most definitely. Strategic Vision One significant perspective that causes my establishment to be described under learning association is having the powerful crucial vision. This component is fundamental since it fills in as a benchmark and establishment of how it can address the requirements for development. By explaining on the fundamental beliefs that can bestow training to understudies and permit the organization to develop in the process can ensure that it is disciple to the two gauges and change. In like manner, this activity permits the two heads and instructors to make a stride nearer to transformative training and making esteems that is receptive to understudy goals and the obstacles related with the training (First and Way, 1995). Thus, under this aspect, the joining of guiding principle are then used and synchronized towards escalating ways and strategies in causing the association to develop and develop during the time spent training. It plots the basic models that will permit such strategic vision to be figured it out. Seeing the procedure, â€Å"it incorporates the interests, drives and spurring factors that impel the association into the future† (E-How, 2004, p. 1). At long last, these activities not just develop the requirements of the current occasions yet additionally diagram the vital parameters for future practice in both instruction and authoritative development. Seeing this, the organization that I am a piece of considers this significance that is the reason it has adjusted its strategic vision to effectively react to the need of the school to learn and discover approaches to improve. That is the reason it has abrogated and made new practices that are esteemed critical to this general goal. Qualities and Specific Objectives Another huge perspective why I consider my association equipped towards learning is having the viable qualities and standards. Understanding these two ideas, it tends to be contended that they are the features that cause the strategic vision to get appropriate in the instructive condition. By effectively adjusting these norms towards authoritative learning, it can produce and make instructors and understudies who are receptive to the difficulties of 21st century training. â€Å"When the estimations of the association are centered around the more elevated levels of awareness and representatives are centered around the lower levels of cognizance, workers are urged to develop and develop† (Barett, 2003, p. 4). Applying this standards in my association, I can contend that larger part of our school’s targets sticks to learning associations. The qualities and goals are effectively adjusted to norms and develop the capacities of teachers to give guidance. Simultaneously, it gives instruments wherein overseers can effectively consolidate new qualities that is viewed as fundamental on the development of the understudies as well as on the instructive establishment. In conclusion, it presents a few projects and systems that permit these goals to be figured it out. By permitting these strategies to be applied with extensive thought on input and checking, it permits the school to sharpen its approaches which thus prompts development and learning. Bestowing Communication into Practice Communication is likewise another significant component in the act of learning associations. This procedure permits the formation of new examples and techniques that can be valuable by and by. Such practice can fill in as a medium wherein the objectives and vision can be directed and encouraged. â€Å"Communication strategies that pass on the quintessence of the vision shift from formal gatherings, to distribution and easygoing conversation† (E-How, 2004, p. 1). By understanding that these procedures are conceivable, the association can apply its destinations and advance on the interchange of intensity utilizing various mechanisms of communication and assistance with a ultimate objective turning out to be learning associations (Bamburg, 2000). Such practice makes the general objective simpler and praises the general aim of presenting change. Opening up roads for discourse and trade of thoughts can likewise give the required lift in encouraging peaceful settlements that influences execution and capacity to perform objectives and goals. Simultaneously, by joining a normalized method of drawing in with others, people and gatherings understand the quintessence of the main thing and extends their relationship with one another. This at that point thus results towards further progression and learning. â€Å"When individuals talk and hear each out different thusly, they make a field of arrangement that produces gigantic capacity to create new real factors in discussions, and to realize these new real factors in action† (Kofman and Senge, 2006, p. 33). In our instructive establishment, there had been a few different ways that the school made to strengthen exchange with educators as well as on other significant entertainers inside the network. This procedure permits each gathering to reconsider and break down the present systems at play and define new methodologies that can be utilized which will reinforce and heighten the degree of collaboration among bunches included. Simultaneously, there exist both formal and casual fields wherein teachers, managers and related gatherings can bring up and further their inclinations concerning hierarchical turn of events. In our goal to become learning associations, we had understood that we should utilize correspondence and discourse to encourage our inclinations and advance regulate our objective and anticipated results. Making Feedback Mechanisms The incorporation of inputs in each association is another applicable part in accomplishing proceeded with development and extension in learning associations. By permitting this training to be consolidated inside the structure of each organization, it permits understanding

100 Of The Best Travel Books That Will Give You Serious Wanderlust

100 Of The Best Travel Books That Will Give You Serious Wanderlust Real travel is awesome when we can manage it, but sometimes we just have to travel from our armchairs, right? When armchair travel is the most we can do, its good to have many reading options from which to choose. So I put together a list of 100 of the best travel books that will take you around the world without requiring any more effort than lifting your hand to turn the pages. I did my best to organize these by geographical region, although sometimes thats tricky since there are many ways to divide up the regions of the world. And I had to include a large category of various locations since some travel books really do take you everywhere. Within the geographical region, the books are organized chronologically. I hope you will find some books on this list that pique your interest and can help you find adventures from the safety of your own home. Or maybe they will inspire you to go on a journey, or prepare you for an upcoming trip. Maybe you will read one of these on an airplane. Whatever the case, if travel is something that interests you, I hope this list helps you find new books to love. Best Travel Books Set In Europe Mary Wollstonecraft, Letters Written During a Short Residence in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark (1796) Originally published in 1796, Mary Wollstonecrafts account of her trip to Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, is compelling both in its picture of countries rarely visited in Regency times and insights into Marys personal life. Robert Louis Stevenson, Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes (1879) Ever hopeful of encountering the adventure he yearned for and raising much needed finance at the start of his writing career, Stevenson embarked on the120 mile, 12 day trek and recorded his experiences in this journal. Edith Wharton, A Motor-Flight Through France (1908) Shedding the turn-of-the-century social confines she felt existed for women in America, Edith Wharton set out in the newly invented motor-car to explore the cities and countryside of France. D.H. Lawrence, Sea and Sardinia (1921) Written after the First World War when he was living in Sicily, Sea and Sardinia records Lawrences journey to Sardinia and back in January 1921. It reveals his response to a new landscape and people and his ability to transmute the spirit of place into literary art. George Orwell, Down and Out in Paris and London (1933) This unusual fictional account in good part autobiographical narrates without self-pity and often with humor the adventures of a penniless British writer among the down-and-out of two great cities. Rebecca West, Black Lamb and Grey Falcon (1941) Written on the brink of World War II, Rebecca Wests classic examination of the history, people, and politics of Yugoslavia illuminates a region that is still a focus of international concern. Mary McCarthy, The Stones of Florence (1956) Mary McCarthy offers a unique history of Florence, from its inception to the dominant role it came to play in the world of art, architecture, and Italian culture, that captures the brilliant Florentine spirit and revisits the legendary figures Dante, Michelangelo, Machiavelli, and others who exemplify it so iconically. Jan Morris, The World of Venice (1960) Often hailed as one of the best travel books ever written, Venice is neither a guide nor a history book, but a beautifully written immersion in Venetian life and character, set against the background of the citys past. Patrick Leigh Fermor, A Time of Gifts (1977) In 1933, at the age of 18, Patrick Leigh Fermor set out on an extraordinary journey by foot from the Hook of Holland to Constantinople. A Time of Gifts is the first volume in a trilogy recounting the trip, and takes the reader with him as far as Hungary. Tété-Michel Kpomassie, An African in Greenland (1981) Tété-Michel Kpomassie was a teenager in Togo when he discovered a book about Greenlandâ€"and knew that he must go there. Working his way north over nearly a decade, Kpomassie finally arrived in the country of his dreams. Peter Mayle, A Year in Provence (1989) In this witty and warm-hearted account, Peter Mayle tells what it is like to realize a long-cherished dream and actually move into a 200-year-old stone farmhouse in the remote country of the Lubéron with his wife and two large dogs. Frances Mayes, Under the Tuscan Sun (1996) Frances Mayesâ€"widely published poet, gourmet cook, and travel writerâ€"opens the door to a wondrous new world when she buys and restores an abandoned villa in the spectacular Tuscan countryside. Adam Gopnik, Paris to the Moon (2000) Paris. The name alone conjures images of chestnut-lined boulevards, sidewalk cafés, breathtaking façades around every cornerin short, an exquisite romanticism that has captured the American imagination for as long as there have been Americans. Lori Tharps, Kinky Gazpacho: Life, Love Spain (2008) Magazine writer and editor Lori Tharps was born and raised in the comfortable but mostly White suburbs of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where she was often the only person of color in her school and neighborhood. At an early age, Lori decided that her destiny would be discovered in Spain. Sue Monk Kidd and Ann Kidd Taylor, Traveling with Pomegranates: A Mother-Daughter Story (2009) Between 1998 and 2000, Sue and Ann travel throughout Greece and France. Sue, coming to grips with aging, caught in a creative vacuum, longing to reconnect with her grown daughter, struggles to enlarge a vision of swarming bees into a novel. Ann, just graduated from college, heartbroken and benumbed by the classic question about what to do with her life, grapples with a painful depression. André Aciman, Alibis: Essays on Elsewhere (2011) From beautiful and moving pieces about the memory evoked by the scent of lavender; to meditations on cities like Barcelona, Rome, Paris, and New York; to his sheer ability to unearth life secrets from an ordinary street corner,  Alibis  reminds the reader that Aciman is a master of the personal essay. Sarah Moss, Names for the Sea: Strangers in Iceland (2012) Novelist Sarah Moss had a childhood dream of moving to Iceland, sustained by a wild summer there when she was nineteen. In 2009, she saw an advertisement for a job at the University of Iceland and applied on a whim, despite having two young children and a comfortable life in an English cathedral city. Robert Macfarlane, The Old Ways: A Journey on Foot (2012) In this exquisitely written book, Robert Macfarlane sets off from his Cambridge, England, home to follow the ancient tracks, holloways, drove roads, and sea paths that crisscross both the British landscape and its waters and territories beyond. Best Travel Books Set In  Latin America Zora Neale Hurston, Tell My Horse: Voodoo and Life in Haiti and Jamaica (1938) Based on Zora Neale Hurston’s personal experience in Haiti and Jamaica, where she participated as an initiate rather than just an observer of voodoo practices during her visits in the 1930s, this travelogue into a dark world paints a vividly authentic picture of ceremonies and customs and superstitions of great cultural interest. Sybille Bedford, A Visit to Don Otavio (1953) In the mid-1940s, Sybille Bedford set off from Grand Central Station for Mexico, accompanied by her friend E., a hamper of food and drink (Virginia ham, cherries, watercress, a flute of bread, Portuguese rosé), books, a writing board, and paper.  Her resulting travelogue captures the rich and violent beauty of the country as it  was then. V.S. Naipaul, The Middle Passage, (1962) In 1960 the government of Trinidad invited V. S. Naipaul to revisit his native country and record his impressions. In this classic of modern travel writing he has created a deft and remarkably prescient portrait of Trinidad and four adjacent Caribbean societiesâ€"countries haunted by the legacies of slavery and colonialism. Bruce Chatwin, In Patagonia (1977) An exhilarating look at a place that still retains the exotic mystery of a far-off, unseen land, Bruce Chatwin’s exquisite account of his journey through Patagonia teems with evocative descriptions, remarkable bits of history, and unforgettable anecdotes. Paul Theroux, The Old Patagonian Express: By Train Through the Americas (1979) Beginning his journey in Boston, where he boarded the subway commuter train, and catching trains of all kinds on the way, Paul Theroux tells of his voyage from ice-bound Massachusetts and Illinois to the arid plateau of Argentinas most southerly tip. Salman Rushdie, The Jaguar Smile: A Nicaraguan Journey (1987) In this brilliantly focused and haunting portrait of the people, the politics, the land, and the poetry of Nicaragua, Salman Rushdie brings to the forefront the palpable human facts of a country in the midst of a revolution. Mary Morris, Nothing to Declare: Memoirs of a Woman Traveling Alone (1987) Traveling from the highland desert of northern Mexico to the steaming jungles of Honduras, from the seashore of the Caribbean to the exquisite highlands of Guatemala, Mary Morris, a celebrated writer of both fiction and nonfiction, confronts the realities of place, poverty, machismo, and selfhood. Jamaica Kincaid, A Small Place (1988) Lyrical, sardonic, and forthright, A Small Place magnifies our vision of one small place with Swiftian wit and precision. Jamaica Kincaids expansive essay candidly appraises the ten-by-twelve-mile island in the British West Indies where she grew up, and makes palpable the impact of European colonization and tourism. Isabel Allende, My Invented Country: A Nostalgic Journey Through Chile (2003) Isabel Allende evokes the magnificent landscapes of her country; a charming, idiosyncratic Chilean people with a violent history and an indomitable spirit, and the politics, religion, myth, and magic of her homeland that she carries with her even today. Best Travel Books Set In  North America Olaudah Equiano, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano (1789) Widely admired for its vivid accounts of the slave trade, Olaudah Equianos autobiography the first slave narrative to attract a significant readership reveals many aspects of the eighteenth-century Western world through the experiences of one individual. Isabella Bird, A Ladys Life in the Rocky Mountains (1879) Bird was born in 1831 in Cheshire, England, and became one of a distinguished group of female travellers famous in the nineteenth centurya time when it was considered that a ladys place should be confined to the home. Isabella travelled and explored the world extensively and became a notable writer and natural historian. John Steinbeck, Travels with Charley in Search of America (1962) In September 1960, John Steinbeck embarked on a journey across America. He felt that he might have lost touch with the country, with its speech, the smell of its grass and trees, its color and quality of light, the pulse of its people. Edward Abbey, Desert Solitaire (1968) This is a rare view of a quest to experience nature in its purest form the silence, the struggle, the overwhelming beauty. But this is also the gripping, anguished cry of a man of character who challenges the growing exploitation of the wilderness by oil and mining interests, as well as by the tourist industry. Robert Pirsig, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry into Values (1974) A narration of a summer motorcycle trip undertaken by a father and his son, the book becomes a personal and philosophical odyssey into fundamental questions of how to live. Edmund White, States of Desire: Travels in Gay America (1980) In this city-by-city description of the way homosexual men lived in the late seventies, Edmund White gives us a picture of Gay America that will surprise gay and straight readers alike. William Least Heat-Moon, Blue Highways: A Journey into America (1982) William Least Heat-Moon set out with little more than the need to put home behind him and a sense of curiosity His adventures, his discoveries, and his recollections of the extraordinary people he encountered along the way amount to a revelation of the true American experience. Gretel Ehrlich, The Solace of Open Spaces (1984) Poet and filmmaker Gretel Ehrlich went to Wyoming in 1975 to make the first in a series of documentaries when her partner died. Ehrlich stayed on and found she couldn’t leave. The Solace of Open Spaces is a chronicle of her first years on “the planet of Wyoming,” a personal journey into a place, a feeling, and a way of life. Jonathan Raban, Bad Land: An American Romance (1985) In towns named Terry, Calypso, and Ismay (which changed its name to Joe, Montana, in an effort to attract football fans), and in the landscape in between, Raban unearths a vanished episode of American history, with its own ruins, its own heroes and heroines, its own hopeful myths and bitter memories. Jon Krakauer, Into the Wild (1996) In April 1992 a young man from a well-to-do family hitchhiked to Alaska and walked alone into the wilderness north of Mt. McKinley. His name was Christopher Johnson McCandless. He had given $25,000 in savings to charity, abandoned his car and most of his possessions, burned all the cash in his wallet, and invented a new life for himself. Jenny Diski, Stranger on a Train: Daydreaming and Smoking Around America with Interruptions (2002) Using two cross-country trips on Amtrak as her narrative vehicles, British writer Jenny Diski connects the humming rails, taking her into the heart of America with the track-like scars leading back to her own past. Rebecca Solnit, A Field Guide to Getting Lost (2005) A Field Guide to Getting Lost draws on emblematic moments and relationships in Solnits own life to explore the issues of wandering, being lost, and the uses of the unknown. The result is a distinctive, stimulating, and poignant voyage of discovery. Sarah Vowell, Assassination Vacation (2005) With Assassination Vacation, [Vowell] takes us on a road trip like no otherâ€"a journey to the pit stops of American political murder and through the myriad ways they have been used for fun and profit, for political and cultural advantage. Cheryl Strayed, Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail (2012) At twenty-two, Cheryl Strayed thought she had lost everything. In the wake of her mother’s death, her family scattered and her own marriage was soon destroyed. Four years later, with nothing more to lose, she made the most impulsive decision of her life. Suzanne Roberts, Almost Somewhere: Twenty-Eight Days on the John Muir Trail (2012) It was 1993, Suzanne Roberts had just finished college, and when her friend suggested they hike California’s John Muir Trail, the adventure sounded like the perfect distraction from a difficult home life and thoughts about the future. But she never imagined that the twenty-eight-day hike would change her life. Gloria Steinem, My Life on the Road (2015) Gloria Steinemâ€"writer, activist, organizer, and one of the most inspiring leaders in the worldâ€"now tells a story she has never told before, a candid account of how her early years led her to live an on-the-road kind of life, traveling, listening to people, learning, and creating change. Best Travel Books Set In  Asia Matsuo Basho, The Narrow Road to the Deep North (1689) In later life Basho turned to Zen Buddhism, and the travel sketched in this volume reflect his attempts to cast off earthly attachments and reach out to spiritual fulfillment. The sketches are written in the haibun stylea linking of verse and prose. Alexandra David-Néel, My Journey to Lhasa (1927) In order to penetrate Tibet and reach Lhasa, she used her fluency of Tibetan dialects and culture, disguised herself as a beggar with yak hair extensions and inked skin and tackled some of the roughest terrain and climate in the World. Eric Newby, A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush (1958) No mountaineer, Newby set out with a friend to explore the formidable peaks of the Nuristan Mountains in northeast Afghanistan. His witty, unorthodox report is packed with incidents both ghastly and ecstatic as he takes us where few Western feet have trod. Peter Matthiessen, The Snow Leopard (1978) When Matthiessen went to Nepal to study the Himalayan blue sheep and, possibly, to glimpse the rare and beautiful snow leopard, he undertook his five-week trek as winter snows were sweeping into the high passes. This is a radiant and deeply moving account of a true pilgrimage, a journey of the heart.' Michael Ondaatje, Running in the Family (1982) In the late 1970s Ondaatje returned to his native island of Sri Lanka. As he records his journey through the drug-like heat and intoxicating fragrances of that pendant off the ear of India, Ondaatje simultaneously retraces the baroque mythology of his Dutch-Ceylonese family. Vikram Seth, From Heaven Lake: Travels Through Sinkian and Tibet (1983) After two years as a postgraduate student at Nanjing University in China, Vikram Seth hitch-hiked back to his home in New Delhi, via Tibet. From Heaven Lake is the story of his remarkable journey and his encounters with nomadic Muslims, Chinese officials, Buddhists and others. Christina Dodwell, Traveller in China (1985) Christina Dodwell s wanderlust, combined with her inventive and unorthodox methods of travel and her unquenchable curiosity about people, make her the ideal guide to the remoter parts of Chinas vast territory. Pico Iyer, Video Night in Kathmandu (1988) Why did Dire Straits blast out over Hiroshima, Bruce Springsteen over Bali and Madonna over all? The author was eager to learn where East meets West, how pop culture and imperialism penetrated through the worlds most ancient civilisations. Then, the truths he began to uncover were more startling, subtle, and more complex than he ever anticipated. Pankaj Mishra, Butter Chicken in Ludhiana: Travels in Small Town India (1995) From a convent-educated beauty pageant aspirant to small shopkeepers planning their vacation in London, Pankaj Mishra paints a vivid picture of a people rushing headlong to their tryst with modernity. Andrew Pham, Catfish and Mandala: A Two-Wheeled Voyage Through the Landscape and Memory of Vietnam (1999) Catfish and Mandala is the story of an American odysseyâ€"a solo bicycle voyage around the Pacific Rim to Vietnamâ€"made by a young Vietnamese-American man in pursuit of both his adopted homeland and his forsaken fatherland. Ma Jian, Red Dust: A Path Through China (2001) In 1983, at the age of thirty, dissident artist Ma Jian finds himself divorced by his wife, separated from his daughter, betrayed by his girlfriend, facing arrest for Spiritual Pollution, and severely disillusioned with the confines of life in Beijing. So with little more than a change of clothes and two bars of soap, Ma takes off to immerse himself in the remotest parts of China. Suketu Mehta, Maximum City: Bombay Lost and Found (2004) The book combines elements of memoir, travel writing as well as socio-political analysis of the history and people of Mumbai. Mehta writes as a person who is at one level outsider to this magnificent city and on the other hand is the one who is born here and has lived his childhood in the city then known as Bombay. Faith Adiele, Meeting Faith: The Forest Journals of a Black Buddhist Nun (2004) Reluctantly leaving behind Pop Tarts and pop culture to battle flying rats, hissing cobras, forest fires, and decomposing corpses, Faith Adiele shows readers in this personal narrative, with accompanying journal entries, that the path to faith is full of conflicts for even the most devout. Barbara Demick, Nothing to Envy: Ordinary Lives in North Korea (2009) Award-winning journalist Barbara Demick follows the lives of six North Korean citizens over fifteen yearsa chaotic period that saw the death of Kim Il-sung, the rise to power of his son Kim Jong-il, and a devastating famine that killed one-fifth of the population. Katherine Boo, Behind the Beautiful Forevers (2012) In this brilliant, breathtaking book by Pulitzer Prize winner Katherine Boo, a bewildering age of global change and inequality is made human through the dramatic story of families striving toward a better life in Annawadi, a makeshift settlement in the shadow of luxury hotels near the Mumbai airport. Best Travel Books Set In  Africa Mary Kingsley, Travels in West Africa (1897) Upon her sudden freedom from family obligations, a sheltered Victorian spinster traded her stifling middle-class existence for an incredible expedition in the Congo. Beryl Markham, West with the Night (1942) [Markhams] successes and her failuresâ€"and her deep, lifelong love of the soul of Africaâ€"are all chronicled here with wrenching honesty and agile wit. Hailed by National Geographic as one of the greatest adventure books of all time, West with the Night is the sweeping account of a fearless and dedicated woman. Maya Angelou, All Gods Children Need Traveling Shoes (1986) Once again, the poet casts her spell as she resumes one of the greatest personal narratives of our time. In this continuation, Angelou relates how she joins a colony of Black American expatriates in Ghanaonly to discover no one ever goes home again. Eddy L. Harris, Native Stranger: A Black Americans Journey into the Heart of Africa (1992) Recounting his journey into the heart of Africa, an African American describes his encounters with beggars and bureaucrats, his visit to Soweto, a night in a Liberian jail cell, and more. Philip Gourevitch, We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will Be Killed with Our Families (1998) Philip Gourevitchs haunting work is an anatomy of the killings in Rwanda, a vivid history of the genocides background, and an unforgettable account of what it means to survive in its aftermath. Colleen McElroy, Over the Lip of the World: Among the Storytellers of Madagascar (1999) McElroys tale of an African American womans travels among the people of Madagascar is told with wit, insight, and humor. Throughout it she interweaves English translations of Malagasy stories of heroism and morality, royalty and commoners, love and revenge, and the magic of tricksters and shapechangers. Charlayne Hunter-Gault, New News Out of Africa: Uncovering Africas Renaissance (2006) In New News Out of Africa, this eminent reporter offers a fresh and surprisingly optimistic assessment of modern Africa, revealing that there is more to the continent than the bad news of disease, disaster, and despair. Noo Saro-Wiwa, Looking for Transwonderland: Travels in Nigeria (2012) She finds [Nigeria] as exasperating as ever, and frequently despairs at the corruption and inefficiency she encounters. But she also discovers that it is far more beautiful and varied than she had ever imagined, with its captivating thick tropical rainforest and ancient palaces and monuments. Best Travel Books Set In The  South Pacific Robyn Davidson, Tracks: A Womans Solo Trek Across 1700 Miles of Australian Outback (1980) Robyn Davidsons opens the memoir of her perilous journey across 1,700 miles of hostile Australian desert to the sea with only four camels and a dog for company with the following words: I experienced that sinking feeling you get when you know you have conned yourself into doing something difficult and theres no going back.' Dea Birkett, Serpent in Paradise (1997) Acclaimed British travel writer and journalist Dea Birkett, obsessed like many with the islands image as a secluded Eden and its connection to the mysterious and intriguing Bounty legend, traveled across the Pacific on a cargo ship and became one of the very few outsiders permitted to land on Pitcairn. Bill Bryson, In a Sunburned Country (2000) Despite the fact that Australia harbors more things that can kill you in extremely nasty ways than anywhere else, including sharks, crocodiles, snakes, even riptides and deserts, Bill Bryson adores the place, and he takes his readers on a rollicking ride far beyond that beaten tourist path. Kira Salak, Four Corners: A Journey into the Heart of Papua, New Guinea (2001) Traveling by dugout canoe and on foot, confronting the dangers and wonders of a largely untouched world, [Salak] became the first woman to traverse this remote country and write about it. Best Travel Books Set In The  Middle East/North Africa Mary Wortley Montagu, The Turkish Embassy Letters (1716) Her lively letters offer insights into the paradoxical freedoms conferred on Muslim women by the veil, the value of experimental work by Turkish doctors on inoculation, and the beauty of Arab poetry and culture. Robert Byron, The Road to Oxiana (1937) In 1933 the delightfully eccentric Robert Byron set out on a journey through the Middle East via Beirut, Jerusalem, Baghdad and Teheran to Oxiana -the country of the Oxus, the ancient name for the river Amu Darya which forms part of the border between Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. Isabelle Eberhardt, The Nomad: The Diaries of Isabelle Eberhardt (1987, written in late 19th century) Eberhardts journal chronicles the daring adventures of a late 19th- century European woman who traveled the Sahara desert disguised as an Arab man and adopted Islam. Sara Suleri, Meatless Days (1989) In this finely wrought memoir of life in postcolonial Pakistan, Suleri intertwines the violent history of Pakistans independence with her own most intimate memoriesâ€"of her Welsh mother; of her Pakistani father, prominent political journalist Z.A. Suleri; of her tenacious grandmother Dadi and five siblings; and of her own passage to the West. Amitav Ghosh, In an Antique Land: History in the Guise of a Travelers Tale (1993) Interspersing his quest with accounts of his stay in Masr and the people he met, Ghosh weaves together a narrative packed with exuberant detail, exposing ties that have bound together India and Egypt, and Hindus and Muslims and Jews, from the Crusades to Operation Desert Storm. Rory Stewart, The Places in Between (2004) In January 2002 Rory Stewart walked across Afghanistansurviving by his wits, his knowledge of Persian dialects and Muslim customs, and the kindness of strangers Along the way Stewart met heroes and rogues, tribal elders and teenage soldiers, Taliban commanders and foreign-aid workers. Colin Thubron, Shadow of the Silk Road (2007) Making his way by local bus, truck, car, donkey cart, and camel, Colin Thubron covered some seven thousand miles in eight months out of the heart of China into the mountains of Central Asia, across northern Afghanistan and the plains of Iran into Kurdish Turkey and explored an ancient world in modern ferment. Gertrude Bell, A Woman in Arabia: The Writings of the Queen of the Desert (2015, written in early 20th century) This is the epic story of Bells life, told through her letters, military dispatches, diary entries, and other writings. It offers a unique and intimate look behind the public mask of a woman who shaped nations. Lynsey Addario, Its What I Do: A Photographers Life of Love and War (2015) Lynsey Addario was just finding her way as a young photographer when September 11 changed the world. One of the few photojournalists with experience in Afghanistan, she gets the call to return and cover the American invasion. Best Travel Books Set In  Arctic/Antarctic Ernest Shackleton, South: The Story of Shackletons Last Expedition, 1914-1917 (1919) In an epic struggle of man versus the elements, Shackleton leads his team on a harrowing quest for survival over some of the most unforgiving terrain in the world. Barry Lopez, Arctic Dreams (2001) Lopez offers a thorough examination of this obscure world-its terrain, its wildlife, its history of Eskimo natives and intrepid explorers who have arrived on their icy shores. But what turns this marvelous work of natural history into a breathtaking study of profound originality is his unique meditation on how the landscape can shape our imagination, desires, and dreams. Sara Wheeler, Terra Incognita: Travels in Antarctica (1996) Terra Incognita is a meditation on the landscape, myths and history of one of the remotest parts of the globe, as well as an encounter with the international temporary residents of the region living in close confinement despite the surrounding acres of white space and the mechanics of day-to-day life in extraordinary conditions. Gretchen Legler, On the Ice: An Intimate Portrait of Life at McMurdo Station, Antarctica (2005) Sent to Antarctica as an observer by the National Science Foundation, Gretchen Legler arrives at McMurdo Station in midwinter, a time of -70 degree temperatures and months of near-total darkness. Various Locations Ibn Battuta, The Travels of Ibn Battuta, (14th century) Ibn Battutahâ€"ethnographer, bigrapher, anecdotal historian and occasional botanistâ€"was just  21 when he set out in 1325 from his native Tangier on a pilgramage to Mecca. He did not return to Morocco for another  29 years, traveling instead through more than 40 countries on the modern map, covering  75,000 miles and getting as far north as the Volga, as far east as China, and as far south as Tanzania. Martha Gellhorn, Travels With Myself and Another (1979): Out of a lifetime of travelling, Martha Gellhorn has selected her best horror journeys. She bumps through rain-sodden, war-torn China to meet Chiang Kai-Shek, floats listlessly in search of u-boats in the wartime Caribbean and visits a dissident writer in the Soviet Union against her better judgment. Barbara Savage, Miles from Nowhere: A Round-The World Bicycle Adventure (1983) This is the story of Barbara and Larry Savages sometimes dangerous, often zany, but ultimately rewarding 23,000 miles global bicycle odyssey, which took them through 25 countries in two years. Elaine Lee, editor, Go Girl!: The Black Womans Book of Travel and Adventure (1997) Globe-trotting attorney Lee assembled 52 travel pieces presenting the uncommon perspective of black women, mostly African Americans. Assembled under the headings Back to Africa, Sistren Travelin, and Trippin All Over the World, many initially appeared in popular womens or travel magazines. Cheryl J. Fish, editor, A Stranger in the Village: Two Centuries of African-American Travel Writing (1999) Dispatches, diaries, memoirs, and letters by African-American travelers in search of home, justice, and adventure-from the Wild West to Australia. Caryl Phillips, The Atlantic Sound (2000) Liverpool, England; Accra, Ghana; Charleston, South Carolina. These were the points of the triangle forming the major route of the transatlantic slave trade. And these are the cities that acclaimed author Caryl Phillips exploresphysically, historically, psychologicallyin this wide-ranging meditation on the legacy of slavery. Alain de Botton, The Art of Travel (2002) Any Baedeker will tell us where we ought to travel, but only Alain de Botton will tell us how and why de Botton considers the pleasures of anticipation; the allure of the exotic, and the value of noticing everything from a seascape in Barbados to the takeoffs at Heathrow. Geoff Dyer, Yoga for People Who Cant Be Bothered to Do It (2003) As he travels from Amsterdam to Cambodia, Rome to Indonesia, Libya to Burning Man in the Black Rock Desert, Dyer flounders about in a sea of grievances, with fleeting moments of transcendental calm his only reward for living in a perpetual state of motion. Susan Orlean, My Kind of Place: Travel Stories from a Woman Whos Been Everywhere (2004) In this irresistible collection of adventures far and near, Orlean conducts a tour of the world via its subcultures, from the heart of the African music scene in Paris to the World Taxidermy Championships in Springfield, Illinoisâ€"and even into her own apartment, where she imagines a very famous houseguest taking advantage of her hospitality. Ryszard Kapuscinski, Travels with Herodotus (2004) Just out of university in 1955, Kapuscinski told his editor that he’d like to go abroad. Dreaming no farther than Czechoslovakia, the young reporter found himself sent to India. Wide-eyed and captivated, he would discover in those days his life’s workâ€"to understand and describe the world in its remotest reaches, in all its multiplicity. Elizabeth Gilbert, Eat, Pray, Love (2006) Setting out for a year to study three different aspects of her nature amid three different cultures, Gilbert explored the art of pleasure in Italy and the art of devotion in India, and then a balance between the two on the Indonesian island of Bali. Tahir Shah, Travels with Myself (2011) Travels with Myself is a collection of selected writings by Tahir Shah, acclaimed Anglo-Afghan author and champion of the intrepid. Written over twenty years, the many pieces form an eclectic treasury of stories from Latin America, Asia, Africa, and beyond. Elisabeth Eaves, Wanderlust: A Love Affair with Five Continents (2011) Spanning 15 years of travel, beginning when she is a sophomore in college, Wanderlust documents Elisabeth Eavess insatiable hunger for the rush of the unfamiliar and the experience of encountering new people and cultures. Paula Young Lee, Deer Hunting in Paris: A Memoir of God, Guns, and Game Meat (2013) What happens when a Korean-American preacher’s kid refuses to get married, travels the world, and quits being vegetarian? She meets her polar opposite on an online dating site while sitting at a café in Paris, France and ends up in Paris, Maine, learning how to hunt. Emily Raboteau, Searching for Zion: The Quest for Home in the African Diaspora (2013) On her ten-year journey back in time and around the globe, through the Bush years and into the age of Obama, Raboteau wanders to Jamaica, Ethiopia, Ghana, and the American South to explore the complex and contradictory perspectives of Black Zionists. Amanda Epe, A Fly Girl: Travel Tales of an Exotic British Airways Cabin Crew (2014) A Fly Girl gives insight to the highs and lows in the world of a former BA cabin crew, in an intriguing travel writing memoir. In the global landscape the memoirist meticulously documents personal adventures, social structures and political history throughout her daring and exciting expeditions. Robert Moor, On Trails: An Exploration (2016) Throughout, Moor reveals how this single topicâ€"the oft-overlooked trailâ€"sheds new light on a wealth of age-old questions: How does order emerge out of chaos? How did animals first crawl forth from the seas and spread across continents? What do you think are the best travel books? Check out even more recommendations for travel memoirs here! Save

How Has The Invention Of Vaccines Helped The World - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1000 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Vaccines Essay Did you like this example? Every year nearly ten million people die from infectious diseases. A large percent of them from diseases that are preventable by vaccines. Diseases have taken a toll on America and throughout its history has faced many pandemics, epidemics and outbreaks . We have created vaccines to prevent and minimized the significance and Fatality rates of outbreaks and eradicate some of the most devastating illness known to the human race.   Before Jonas Salk and Thomas Francis created the flu shot in 1938 some twenty years   after the Haemophilus Influenza pandemic between 1918 and 1919, claimed approximately six hundred and seventy five thousand American lives and between twenty million to fifty million lives worldwide. During that time Influenza had affected over twenty five percent of the population of the United States of America. Influenza has been one of the most ferocious illnesses in not just America but worldwide and as stated in the book The Great Influenza by John M. Barry The pandemic of 1918 killed more people in 24 months than AIDS killed in 24 years, more in a year than the Black Death killed in a century, according to the book The Great Influenza. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How Has The Invention Of Vaccines Helped The World" essay for you Create order The adverse affects the   average life expectancy of men and women by dropping it by twelve years. During the pandemic influenza was the leading cause of bacterial meningitis young children under five. Meningitis is the inflammation of the membranes surrounding your spinal cord and brain. This vaccine was originally made to protect troops against Influenza during World War II because of the amount of troops that died from it right after and during the first World War. Also in the article by Doyle Rice The virus killed more American troops than died on World War I battlefields. After the vaccine was created, infections dropped by ninety nine percent. The annual rate of influenza related deaths has dropped to thirty six thousand throughout America. Influenza has not been eradicated because it is an ever changing virus. Every flu season is a brand new strain. Also throughout America in later years to come after Influenza. It is said that on an annual average of three out of every four people were infected with measles and almost all children got it by the age of fifteen. Before John Enders and his colleagues created this vaccine by isolating the disease from an infected students blood, around forty eight thousand people were hospitalized causing hundreds of deaths. Encephalitis caused by measles was reported in over four thousand cases   It is estimated that more than twenty million lives were saved because of the development of this vaccine. Although measles has been highly controlled and mostly eradicated in the United States it is still present in other countries and almost all recent cases of measles reported in America is said to be caused by exposure from travelers and immigrants from countries where measles still affects people. Smallpox was first introduced to America   when early European settlers. Smallpox almost eliminated local populations,   killing approximately ninety percent of   Native Americans. Smallpox was also used as one of the very first forms of biological warfare, settlers gave blankets from from smallpox infected people to the natives and because of lack of exposure to these types of diseases. The smallpox vaccine was the first successful vaccine. Before the vaccine was created by Edward Jenner   in 1796 the fatality rate from the disease was estimated to be around thirty percent and three out of ten people infected with smallpox died. This early form of immunization against smallpox was made by exposing humans to cowpox, which when a person was infected it resembled mild symptoms of smallpox without the the risk of fatality.   Another way to attenuate smallpox infections was stated in the book The Readers Companion To American History written by Eric Foner and John A. Garraty on page 355   Early eighteenth century the technique consisted of transplanting scabs or pus of smallpox victims into open wounds of healthy individuals. These people developed mild symptoms and thereafter immunity. This technique was adopted by European-Americans and helped in the development of inoculation and vaccination as effective preventives. Both of these approaches helped people build tolerance against smallpox, and because of   development of this vaccine smallpox has been eradicated worldwide and there is no evidence of the disease being naturally occurring and only exists in laboratories.   Mumps is a contagious viral infection that causes swelling to saliva producing glands, and in some cases it can cause encephalitis and permanent deafness in children.   Before the mumps vaccine was created by Maurice Hilleman and introduced in 1967 there were approximately one hundred and eighty six thousand cases each year with a fatality rate of one point four percent. Since the vaccine that number has decreased by ninety nine percent with sporadic outbreaks ranging from a couple hundred infections to a couple thousand infections. Because of the fact that mumps is not yet eradicated vaccines only protect against current circulating strains of the mumps virus and doctors advise to get your vaccine renewed during outbreaks. Especially if you live in a heavily populated areas with low vaccination rates. Although this vaccine has not eliminated an ever changing virus infections have been tremendously decreased and have been no recently reported mumps related deaths . The first clinical case of polio may have been recorded by Jacob Heines in 1789. He had a patient with the same symptoms as the polio disease and with the same involvement with in spinal cord. Polios first epidemic appeared in 1894 with one hundred thirty two cases that year. Polio was not as widespread as other diseases approximately fourteen cases per hundred thousand, but it was feared just as much among American society because of its paralytic effects in young children and adults affected by the virus. Polio was widely and in the media because during its reign of terror FDR was affected by polio at a young age and was unable to walk correctly or stand for long periods of time. During his presidency in the 1930s and early forties.

Monitoring and credibility of financial statement - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 16 Words: 4873 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? This chapter reviews previous studies related to the credibility of financial statement, market reaction, corporate governance and other monitoring mechanisms. In other words, it looks at how investors perceive the credibility of financial  statement report  and market reaction. Financial statement credibility has declined because accounting defects raise questions within the investment community about internal controls, management integrity, audit committee oversight, external auditor quality, etc. In existing academic literature, several determinants explain the investor reaction to financial statement report. This chapter discusses several literature related to financial credibility and stock price reaction, monitoring and credibility of financial statement. 2.2 Some study on financial reporting in Saudi Arabia Based on a sample of non-financial Saudi companies listed on the Saudi Stock Exchange, Naser and Nuseibeh (2003) assess the quality of information disclosed. They compare the extent of corporate disclosure before and after the creation of the SOCPA. They classify information disclosed in the annual reports into three main categories: mandatory, voluntary related to mandatory, and voluntary unrelated to mandatory disclosure. The results indicate a relatively high compliance with the mandatory requirements in all industries covered by the study, with the exception of the electricity sector. As for the voluntary disclosure, whether related or unrelated to mandatory disclosure, the analysis reveals that Saudi companies disclose information more than the minimum required by law. The level of voluntary disclosure, however, is relatively low. The analysis also shows that the creation of SOCPA has had little impact on corporate reporting in Saudi Arabia. Alsaeed, K. (2006) investigates the impact of several firm characteristics on the extent of voluntary disclosure. The results show that the mean of the disclosure index was lower than average. Also, it was found that firm size was significantly positively associated with the level of disclosure. The remaining variables, however, were found to be insignificant in explaining the variation of voluntary disclosure. Based on data collected via questionnaires, five user groups were selected to examine their attitudes towards companies annual financial statement in Saudi Arabia. Naser and Nuseibeh (2003) examine the usefulness of the annual report of Saudi joint stock companies. The subject groups were individual investors, institutional investors, financial analysts, bank credit officers, and government representatives. The analyses indicate that the user groups surveyed in the study rely mainly on information made directly available by the company and do not consult intermediary sources of corporate information in o rder to make informed decisions. The result is expected in a developing country like Saudi Arabia where there is a limited number of listed companies and where businesses and financial communities have many social and business links, resulting in relatively easy interaction between the user groups and related companies. In the same context, users may perceive some information sources to be important in an absolute term. In a Survey of five major user groups, namely individual investors, institutional investors, creditors, government officials and financial analysts (users of corporate annual reports in Saudi Arabia), Al-Razeen, and Karbhari (2004) examine the perceptions of the users of annual corporate reports. The focus is on the use and importance of the seven different sources of corporate information contained in Saudi annual reports. The result indicated that the balance sheet and the income statement are the most important sections of the annual report to most of the Saudi user groups. The board of directors report was found to be the least popular. Al-Sehali and Spear (2004) examine the decision relevance and timeliness of accounting earnings in Saudi Arabia during the 1995-1999 sample periods. The result shows that the publication of accounting earnings leads individual investors to revise their security holdings. However, this evidence is limited to cases where firms reported profit. Using a combination of mail questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, Haniffa, R. and M. Hudaib (2007) investigate if the business and social environment affect the perceptions of audit performance of users and auditors. The results further indicate the performance gap arises from four factors in the environment within which auditing is practiced: licensing policy, recruitment process, the political and legal structure and dominant societal values. Interview results reveal the influence of institutional and cultural settings on the audit expectations gap an d indicate that the inclusion of Islamic principles in auditing standards and the code of ethics would help reduce the expectations gap that exists in Saudi Arabia. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Monitoring and credibility of financial statement" essay for you Create order Table 1: Summary of previous studies examining Financial reporting in Saudi Arabia Year of study Author Variables used Result 2003 Naser, K. and R. Nuseibeh Type of information (mandatory vs.voluntary) and the effect of SOCPA creation on the level of accounting disclosure By using a sample of non-financial Saudi Companies listed on the Saudi Stock Exchange. The results of the analysis indicated a relatively high compliance with the mandatory requirements in all industries covered by the study, with the exception of the electricity sector. As for the voluntary disclosure, whether related or unrelated to mandatory disclosure, the analysis revealed that Saudi companies disclose information more than the minimum required by law. 2006 Alsaeed, K Firm size, debt, ownership dispersion, firm age, profit margin, return on equity, liquidity, industry type and audit firm sizeas well asthe extent of voluntary disclosure. The results show that the mean of the disclosure index was lower than average. Also, it was found that firm size was significantly positively associated with the level of d isclosure. The remaining variables, however, were found to be insignificant in explaining the variation of voluntary disclosure. 2003 Naser, K. and R. Nuseibeh The perception of seven groups(individual investors, institutional investors, financial analysts, bank credit officers, and government representatives) of the usefulness of the annual report The analyses indicate that the user groups surveyed in the study rely mainly on information made directly available by the company and do not consult intermediary sources of corporate information in order to make informed decisions. 2004 Al-Razeen The perception of five major user groups, namely individual investors, institutional investors, creditors, government officials, and financial analysts. The seven different sourcesof corporate information includethe board of directors report, the auditors report, the balance sheet, the income statement, the statement of retained earnings, cash flow statements and the notes t o the financial statements The study found that the balance sheet and the income statement are the most important sections of the annual report to most of the Saudi usergroups. The board of directors report was found to be the least popular. 2004 Al-Sehali and Spear the decision relevance and timeliness of accounting earnings It appears that the publication of accounting earnings leads individual investors to revise their security holdings. However, this evidence is limited to cases where firms reported profit. The empirical results further suggest that earnings are timely in terms of their association with security returns and that increasing the measurement interval significantly improves this association. The tests also show that positive and negative earnings have differential implications for the timeliness of accounting earnings. 2007 Haniffa, R. and M. Hudaib business and social environment factors and audit expectation gap The results further in dicate the performance gap arises from four factors in the environment within which auditing is practiced: licensing policy, recruitment process, the political and legal structure, and dominant societal values. 2.3 Agency theory and market reaction An agency relationship exists when a person or an agent is hired by a principal or owner to make decisions on behalf of the principal. Agency problem arises when the desires or goals of the principal and agent conflict and it is difficult or expensive for the principal to verify what the agent is actually doing. The problem here is that the principal cannot verify that the agent has behaved appropriately. The main focus of the theory in the agency relationship is the selection of appropriate governance mechanisms between principal and agents that will ensure an efficient alignment of principal and agent interests. Its goal is to ensure that agents serve the interests of the principals thereby minimizing agency costs. Agency relationship is used by Jensen (1986) to propose a theory which is widely known as Jensen free cash flow theory. According to Jensen, the free cash flow exists in a company when there are excess funds left over after taking into account all positive net present value projects. He argues that conflict of interest between shareholders and managers over the payout policies of these free cash flows could explain the stock price reaction. The theory predicts that stock prices will increase if there is an unexpected dividend payment or stock repurchase announcement and will decrease if an unexpected increase in demand for funds through equity offering is announced for companies experiencing positive free cash flows. The negative impact in stock price may be due to likelihood that management may misuse the funds which are under their control; as a result, the market gives a lower valuation of the companys shares. 2.4 Agency theory, financial credibility, and stock price reaction .    Agency problems in organizations result from the separation of ownership and control. As a result of this agency problem, managers have incentives to take actions that maximize shareholder wealth. The existence of such incentives reduces the credibility of the reported earnings numbers. External and internal controls are mechanisms to minimize these agency problems and to enhance the quality of reported earnings number. The absence of external and internal controls may result in reducing the credibility of financial reports. The impact of these monitoring mechanisms on the credibility of financial disclosures is likely to be proportional to the extent to which managers have incentives to distort these numbers. The existence of control system, that prevents or limits the degree of manipulation of accounting numbers that managers can engage in, will increase investor reliance on financial numbers, and hence, the greater the likelihood of establishing credibility in accou nting numbers. Financial accounting information is the product of corporate accounting and reporting systems that measures and publicly discloses audited data concerning the financial position and performance of publicly held firms. Financial accounting systems provide direct and indirect input to corporate control mechanisms by contributing to the information contained in stock prices. The credibility of financial reporting reduces the information asymmetry between corporate manager and stockholder, improves investors confidence and raises the stock prices .A share price reaction to the release of financial information is taken to indicate that the announcement has information content while a high association between financial information and share price or returns over an extended period of time indicates that information provided by the accounting system reflects information that is being used by the capital market and this information will come from a multitude of sources. Capital market research often involves examining relations between financial information and share prices or returns. Reactions of investors are evidenced by their capital market transactions. Favorable reactions to information are presumed to be evidenced by price increase in the particular security, whereas unfavorable reactions to information are evidenced by a price decrease. No price change around the time of the release of information implies the information release does not provide anything that is new. Researchers in this area have begun to examine whether the stock price reaction to earnings surprises is related to the quality of the reported earnings numbers. Imhoff and Lobo (1992) find that firms with low consensus in the analysts forecasts of earnings tend to have a low ERC. Although it is possible that high prior uncertainty about the underlying value of the firm would also increase the dispersion in forecasts, Imhoff and Lobo conclude that it is more likely to prox y for the noise in accounting measures than for any prior uncertainty about underlying cash flows. Dey (2005) mentions that despite the lack of rigorous empirical evidence, there appears to be a long standing assumption that good governance is conducive to greater financial reporting credibility, particularly among regulators and legislators. For example, SOA of 2002, states one of its primary objectives as that of restoring investor confidence in corporate disclosures by mandating several governance reforms. Even prior to SOX, the recommendations of the COSO of the Treadway Commission (1992) , the Public Oversight Board (POB) of the SEC proactive division of the AICPA (1988; 1995), the Cadbury Committee Report on Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance (1992), among others, implicitly assert that various features of governance increase the credibility of financial statements. 2.5 Monitoring and credibility of financial statement Jensen and Meckling (1976) define agency costs as the sum of monitoring costs, bonding costs and residual loss. Monitoring costs are expenditures paid by the principal to measure, observe and control agents behavior. Despite the existence of the agency problems and agency cost discussed, the modern corporation, with the diffused share ownership which leads to such conflicts, has continued to be popular amongst both corporate managers and outside investors alike. This could be attributed largely to the evolution of internal and external monitoring mechanisms which are aimed at controlling such problems. It should be noted that there does tend to be a degree of interaction between each type of mechanism within firms. A contradictory view of monitoring has been provided by Burkart, et al. (1997). They argue that too much will constrain managerial initiative. Optimal levels of monitoring managerial policies are specific to an individual firms contracting environment, (Himmelberg, et al., 1999). In the same context, critics of Cadbury (1992) have felt that this increased level of monitoring may act as a deterrent to managerial entrepreneurship. In relation to this, an argument has been provided by Himmelberg et al. (1999), that firms will tend to substitute various mechanisms depending on unobservable (to the econometrician) characteristics of the firms contracting environment. Since this contracting group varies dramatically from one firm to the next, what is optimal for one need not be optimal for others. Within this context, Agrawal and Knoeber (1996) argue that if one specific mechanism is utilized to a lesser degree, others may be used more, resulting in equally good decision making and performance. Denis and Sarin (1997) argue that effective monitoring will be restricted to certain groups or individuals. Such monitors must have the necessary expertise and incentives to fully monitor management, in addition, such monitors must provide a credible thre at to managements control of the company. Shleifer and Vishny (1997) point out that concentration of ownership is an effective form of monitoring as coordinating voting by small shareholders is a costly proposition. Additionally, they point to providers of debt capital as effective monitors since their preference for a specific course of action given mismanagement or default is generally written into debt covenants. Datta, et al. (1999) argue that banks, as insiders, have access to inside information whereas public must rely mostly on publicly available information. Because they have superior information, banks can provide more efficient monitoring which lowers the monitoring and bonding costs of other debt claimants. Certain aspects of monitoring may also be imposed by legislative practices. In the UK, companies are required to provide statements of compliance with the Cadbury (1992) and Greenbury (1995) reports on corporate governance. Non-compliance must be disclosed and explained, and the attention brought by statements of non-compliance will represent an additional source of monitoring. 2.5.1 Corporate governance and reporting quality Different theories (such as contract theory and agency theory) have been used to explain the role of corporate governance in increasing financial reporting quality by playing a crucial role in monitoring senior management. The notion of a separation of ownership and control implies a pathological condition carrying with it a presumption of the failure of market to supply a complete solution to managerial inefficiency and need for some form of regulatory intervention. There is the idea that there is a disciplinary gap in the modern public company because the shareholders fail to supervise management. From the perspective of contact theory, the members are not owners but simply one of several contracting parties supplying a factor of production, in their case, capital to joint enterprise since shareholders as preponderantly sophisticated financial institutions, would not be willing to provide capital other than on terms that adequately safeguard their interests. It can be assumed that the contractual process will result in the adoption of appropriate governance provisions from which outside intervention can only detract. Mangers who offer inadequate governance terms will suffer market penalties and hence they have an incentive to adopt controls that will be attractive to investors (Sheikh, and ReesÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ 1995). The design of mechanisms for effective corporate control to make managers act in the best interest of shareholders has been a major concern in the area of corporate governance and finance. From the perspective of agency theory in a corporation, the shareholders are the principals and the managers are the agents working on behalf of, and for the interests of, the principals. A well-developed market for corporate controls is needed to solve problems of market failures, moral hazards, asymmetric information, and incomplete contracts. Various governance mechanisms have been advocated which include monitoring by financial instit utions, prudent market competition, executive compensation, debt, developing an effective board of directors, markets for corporate control and concentrated holdings ( Bonazzi, and Islam (2007)). John and Senbet (1998) define corporate governance as the mechanism by which the stakeholders of a corporation exercise control over corporate insiders and management such that their interests are protected. Corporate governance therefore deals with the interests of stakeholders (which include parties like labor unions, consumer interests, etc). Corporate governance in this context is the control mechanism for efficient operation of a corporation on behalf of the stakeholder. According to Watts and Zimmerman (1986), corporate governance as a monitoring tool, has the ability to enhance the reliability of accounting earnings; and consequently, increase the informativeness of accounting earnings. Moreover, corporate governance helps investors by reducing the conflict of interest between managers and shareholders, enhancing the reliability of financial information and the integrity of the financial reporting process. Fama and Jensen (1983) argue that effective corporate boards would be composed largely of outside independent directors holding managerial positions in other companies. They argue that effective boards had to separate the problems of decision management and decision control. However, if the CEO was able to dominate the board, separation of these functions would be more difficult, and shareholders would suffer as a result. Corporate boards should act as monitors in disagreements amongst internal managers and carry out tasks involving serious agency problems A central problem in conducting an event study of the valuation effects of implementing corporate governance is that most implementation affects all firms in a country. However, Share price changes may reflect the implementation, but could also reflect other information. According to McColgan (2 001), effective corporate governance by company boards requires both good information provided by insiders and the will to act on negative information provided by outsiders. Vafeas (2000) examines whether the informativeness of earnings is proxied by the earnings returns relationship, varies with the fraction of outside directors serving on the board and board size. The results suggest that earnings of firms with the smallest boards are perceived as being more informative by market participants. Black and Khanna (2007) suggest that properly designed mandatory corporate governance reforms can increase share prices in an emerging market such as India. Dey (2005) finds that most aspects of corporate governance are significantly associated with the credibility of reported earnings for firms in highest agency cost group. Lee, et al. (2005) examines how listed Chinese companies governance practices affect domestic investors reaction to their earnings reports. Choi, Frye, and Yang (2008 ) find that firms with weak shareholder rights experienced positive abnormal returns when SOX was passed. Using data for a sample of Canadian firms in the years 2001-2004, Niu, (2006), examines the association between corporate governance mechanisms and the quality of accounting earnings. He used two measurements for quality of earnings: accounting-based measurement (earnings management) and the market-based measurement (earnings informativeness). The result demonstrates that overall governance quality is negatively related to the level of abnormal accruals and positively influences the return-earnings association. Klapper and Love (2004) stated that greater investor protection increases investors willingness to provide financing and should be reflected in lower costs and greater availability of external financing. This suggests that firms with the greatest needs for financing in the future benefit the most from adopting better governance mechanisms. 2.5.2 Internal control system According to The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), auditing standard differentiates three levels of internal control deficiencies based on the severity of the deficiencies. Control deficiency exists when the design or operation of a control does not allow management or employees, in the normal course of performing their assigned functions, to prevent or detect misstatements on a timely basis. A significant deficiency is defined as a control deficiency, or combination of control deficiencies, that adversely affects the companys ability to initiate, authorize, record and process external financial data reliably in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, such that there is more than a remote likelihood that a misstatement of the companys annual or interim financial statements that is more than inconsequential will not be prevented or detected. A material weakness is defined as a significant deficiency, or combination of the annual or interim financia l statements that will not be prevented or detected. Saudi corporate governance code section (9 G) requires public companies to include in each annual report the auditors and managements assessment on the effectiveness of the internal control system as a part of board of directors report. In relation to this, samples used consists of the companies that report internal control weaknesses under SOX 302 and SOX 404, companies that report an effective internal control system under SOX 404, for fiscal years 2001-2004. Bedard, et al., 2006, investigate the relation between the SOX, internal control requirements and earnings quality. The result indicates that internal control deficiencies have an effect on financial statement quality as measured by unexpected accruals. In univariate analysis, Ashbaugh et. al. (2005) find that firms that report internal control deficiencies have greater performance adjusted total abnormal accruals and abnormal working capital accruals. Gupta and Nayar (2007) examine whether such internal control weakness disclosures convey valuation-relevant information to the US equity markets. This issue is important because increasing disclosure requirements without any attendant effect on valuation would impose unnecessary deadweight costs on the shareholders of a company. Thus, to understand whether such disclosures about the effectiveness of a companys internal controls over financial reporting have any new information content, they studied a number of voluntary disclosures made by the SEC registrants in the very early days of the SOX implementation. They find that internal control weakness disclosures are associated with a negative stock price reaction, on average, indicating that such disclosures do indeed convey valuation-relevant information. However, Browna et al. (2008) mention that prior studies of internal control disclosures under the 2002 SOX provide limited evidence on the impact of internal control regulation on reporting qu ality. Moreover, there is no empirical evidence on the reporting quality effects of mandatory internal control reforms in non-U.S. environments. 2.5.3 Audit Quality The demand for auditing services arises from a desire to reduce the divergence of interests and information asymmetry between the owners (the principal) and mangers (the agent) in a principal agent relationship (Jensen, and Meckling, 1976). Managers can voluntarily increase the transparency of their actions by hiring independent auditors to monitor their behavior. As a result of the increase in the complexity of business structures, globalization activities and separation of fund providers from management, further assurance about the financial information provided by companies is expected from auditors. Controlling owners may employ different monitoring and bonding mechanisms to assure minority shareholders that their interests are protected. One of these monitorinig devices is extranal auditor. Recent research provides empirical evidence that high quality independent audits are used as monitoring and bonding mechanisms to alleviate agency costs (Fan and Wong, 2005). Teoh and Wo ng (1993) provide evidence that better quality auditors are associated with more credible financial reports, implying that high quality auditors give greater credibility and better quality to financial statements. By using a comprehensive sample of Joint stock companies audited by Arthur Andersen Co (AAC), in Saudi Arabia, Al-Abbas, 2007 examines whether the criminal indictment has resulted in losses suffered by stock prices of Andersens clients. The study reported no effect of this event on the returns. 2.5.4 Institutional ownership Institutional investors provide another monitoring instrument on managers; Chung et al. (2002) indicate that large institutional shareholdings deter mangers from practicing their discretion over accruals. Fisher (2007) indicates that Jensen and Mecklings 1976 classification of residual loss of wealth in summary, predicts that the management may not always restrict their investment activity to positive present value projects. When negative present value projects are selected (and conversely, when positive present value projects are rejected), shareholders suffer a loss of wealth. The theory predicts that this wealth loss is negatively associated with the effectiveness of the monitoring regime (by capital providers) at the time of the investment decision. Monks and Minow (1995) state that Institutional investors have the opportunity, resources, and ability to monitor, discipline, and influence managers of firms. Hotchkiss and Strickland (2003) find that abnormal trading volume and in creased variance at earnings announcements are related to the composition of institutional ownership. 2.5.2 Banks borrowing The relation between managers and shareholders is not the only contract that induces firms to manage accounting reports, for example, debt contracts also provide managers with such incentives, thus possibly reducing the reliability of reported accounting numbers. Banks are an important corporate governance mechanism. Banks screen loan applicants before establishing firm and bank relationships to minimize unfavorable selection problems. They also monitor borrowers after bank loans are made to minimize moral hazard problems. Bank loans are different from publicly placed debt because banks know more about a companys prospects than other investors do. Shleifer and Vishny (1997) state that despite a number of theoretical discussions about governance by banks, there is little empirical evidence of their role. Boscaljon and Ho (2005) suggest that commercial banks from quality lenders play an increased role in reducing information asymmetries in environments where there is greater econo mic uncertainty. Easterbrook (1984) argues that external capital market monitoring brought to companies by debt financing forces managers in value maximizing strategies, rather than personal utility maximization. Carey, et al. (1998) conclude that financial institutions in general are intensive monitors but, due to regulatory and reputational factors, compared to finance companies, banks lend to less risky firms. Martel and Padron (2006) show that the Spanish Stock Market reacts positively and significantly to debt issue announcements. Given that the announcement of a bank credit agreement conveys positive news to the stock market about the borrowing firms, James (1987) documents a positive stock price response for bank loan agreements. Managerial risk aversion will also affect the financial policy of the firm. Higher debt is expected to reduce agency conflicts; Jensen (1986) also argues that the existence of debt in the firms capital structure acts as a bonding mechanism for com pany managers. By issuing debt, rather than paying dividends, managers contractually bind themselves to pay out future cash flows in a way unachievable through dividends. Table 1: Summary of previous studies examining Corporate governance and other monitoring mechanisms with market reaction and financial quality Authors/ year Country IV DV result Jain and Rezaee (2006) USA Corporate governance, financial reporting quality, and audit quality. Accumulated abnormal return A positive  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  abnormal  return  at the  time   of  several  legislative  events  that  increased  the  likelihood  of  the  passage of the Act.  Lee,et.al. (2005) China Corporate governance Investors reaction to their earnings reports. Investors in the domestically listed Chinese companies do seem to base their valuation decisions, at least in part, on these companies earnings reports. This was indicated by the significant relationship between unexpected earnings and cumulative abnormal returns. However, the hypothesized effects of governance practice/choice is, on the whole, not supported. Niu (2006) Canada Corporate governance Earning quality Empirical tests demonstrate that overall governance quality is negatively related to the level of abnormal accruals and positively influences the return-earnings association Black, and Khanna ,(2007) India Corporate governance reforms Firms Market Values They conclude that investors expected the Clause 49 reforms to benefit large firms, and likely also medium-sized firms. This suggests that properly designed mandatory corpor ate governance reforms can increase share prices in an emerging market such as India. Bhattacharyya and Rao (2005) India Corporate governance reforms volatility and returns The authors find insignificant results for volatility (volatility is lower post-adoption for both large and small firms, by similar amounts), and mixed results for returns (post-adoption returns are lower for the largest firms, but positive for a second set of large. Dey, A. (2005) USA Corporate governance Financial credibility Found that most aspects of corporate governance are significantly associated with the credibility of reported earnings for firms in highest agency cost group. Teoh and Wong (1993) USA Audit quality Credibility of reported earnings The result implies that high quality auditors give greater credibility and better quality to financial statements. Hotchkiss, E. S. and D. Strickland (2003) USA institutional investors trading behavio r The findings show that it is not only ownership by individuals versus institutional investors but more importantly the composition of institutional shareholders that effects stock price behavior around the release of corporate information. Bedard, J., S. Bryan, et al. (2006) USA internal control requirements earning quality The result shows that the absolute level of unexpected accruals increases in the year internal control deficiencies are disclosed. This is consistent with an increase in earnings quality. Boscaljon, B. and C. C. Ho (2005). Hong Kong, Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand bank loan announcements Uncertainty and information content Findings suggest that commercial banks from quality lenders play an increased role in reducing information asymmetries in environments where there is greater economic uncertainty.

Ethical Free Essays

The problem This paper discusses the legal and ethical implications in conjunction with performing surgery on disabled people for social reasons. Ethical Katie is immaturity and she has the right like other non-disabled girls to live with her body in tact and she has the same choice to give birth to her own baby. According to the Family Court in Australia and Family Law Act 1975, no person under 18 should have hysterectomy unless the procedures are necessary to prevent serious physical and psychological damage and to save life (Skene, 2008, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical or any similar topic only for you Order Now 38). Medical This surgery is not medically necessary and it is irreversible, persistent, traumatic and painful that it results in the permanent loss of reproductive capacity. The medical complications after surgery will affect the person health. Social There are lacks of access to health services and recourses, social and educational support for her and her family. Katie is lack of the basic human rights, freedoms to work, freedoms to get education and move freely about society. Legal The parents could not consent and the doctor does not have the right to remove the womb of Katie as non-therapeutic surgery requires court approval. This is not just a medical decision for the doctor, but the child’s best interest and the consequences of wrong decision being made. The facts It is estimated in Australia that a child is born with cerebral palsy every 15 hours. There is no pre-birth test and no known cure for cerebral palsy (Levitt, 2010, p. 33). Cerebral palsy is a permanent physical condition that affects movement. It effects can be just a weakness from one hand ranging to almost complete lack of movement (Miller Browne, 2005, p. 51). People with cerebral palsy may have seizures and other impairments that affect their speech, vision, hearing or intellect. Spastic, Dyskinetic and Ataxic are the three main types of cerebral palsy. A cerebral palsy result from the neurological damage to the child’s developing brain (Miller et al. , 2005, p. 51). There is greater risk in babies born with low birth weight and preterm. Cerebral palsy can be diagnosed through test reflexes, check for hand preference, CT scan, MRI and Ultrasonography. The treatment are physical therapy which consists exercise to keep limbs from weakening, speech therapy can help regain lost control over facial and throat muscles and gaining the ability to communicate effectively, medication help prevent certain effects of cerebral palsy such as seizures and surgery which is performed to cut some of the nerves affected by spasms and minimize muscle contractions (Miller et al. , 2005, p. 52). Four principles Autonomy Autonomy is described as the right to self-determination, the ability to control what happens to us and how we behave (Staunton Chiarella, 2003, p. 8). This is a significant ethical principle which allows respect for individuals thought, action and their personal space. Katie is believed to understand little of what is said to her but she has no sense of what is happened to her body. Although, she has the right to make her own decision but she could not give valid consent.. Non-maleficence The principle of ‘above all, do no harmà ¢â‚¬â„¢ ( Pera Tonder, 2005, p. 34). A strong principle in health care and it forms the basis of nurses’ duty of care. This procedure affects the welfare and health of Katie as it is seriously invasive her personal integrity and human dignity. Health care professionals should avoid emotional, spiritual, moral and physical harm to Katie’s dignity (Pera et al. , 2005, p. 34). Beneficence The principle of ‘above all, do good’ (Staunton Chiarella, 2003, p. 29). It includes the principle of cost benefit analysis and paternalism. In health care, this principle range from determining the number and type of hospital beds in a given geographic area to the validation of research involving human subjects (Pera Tonder, 2005, p. 4). In Katie case, she deserve better quality of life that she won’t suffer from menstrual pain, discomfort, mood swings, behavior changes and complication of adulthood. More information about women’s health nowadays and more alternatives options should be given to her parents so that Katie could receives the best and suitable treatment. Justice The pri nciple of justice is the unifying principle in health and nursing ethics. It comprises the justice as fairness and justice of an equal allocation of burdens and benefits (Staunton et al. , 2003, p. 30). Ethical conflicts This case raises fundamental ethical issue about the way the society treats disabled people and the respect for the human rights and reproductive rights of disabled people. There are a few ethical conflicts arise in Katie case. The conflicts are: is the operation in the best interest of the child, is there any risk of making decision wrongly and is it ethically allows having hysterectomy on disabled people below 18 and without their consent. Menstruation is always regarded negative for parents with disabled kids as it is uncomfortable, unclean and devastating. Therefore, most parents wanted hysterectomy on their disabled kids before their menstruation as they thought their disabled kids would not be able to cope and deal with menstruation. But, it is not known that whether hysterectomy is in the best interest of the child as no one could predicts about the future problems to be encountered with menstruation. This is not fair for the disabled people as they have the rights to experience changes of their body and have their body in tact through their life span (Fellowes, 2000). Sterilization is a serious invasion the person honor and self-respect as their womanhood is being stolen. In 1994, Brennan J, the Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia believed that mentally or physical disabled people should enjoy a full decent life, in condition which ensure dignity, promote self-reliance and participate in the community (Fellowes, 2000). There is a significant risk of making the wrong decision to what are the best interests of a child who cannot consent and the consequences of a wrong decision are grave as this procedure is irreversible and invasive. Cincinnati Adolescent Clinic had carried out an interviewed in 1983, 69 parents were interviewed regarding sterilization of their disabled daughters. Almost 80 percents parents had thought of sterilization and their common reason was to protect their daughters from pregnancy (Strahan, 1991). People with disabilities have the equal human rights as all members of the community (Disability Discrimination Act 1992). Katie has the rights to make her own decision and acknowledge what is happened to her body and health How to cite Ethical, Papers

Shakes Essay Example For Students

Shakes Essay 2.Elements of FateThroughout the play, there are several occasionswhich may either be interpreted as manipulation ofMacbeths character, or more dramatically as propheciesof his inevitable destiny. The most important of theseelements are the supernatural witches. When Macbeth firstmeets the Witches (I.iii.) seemingly by accident theycall him titles which have not yet been bestowed uponhim. It is unclear whether the Witches plant the idea ofearning these titles by foul play to Macbeths head, orwhether it is a prophecy of future. Either way, theirwords eventually become reality. The further encounters with the Weyward Sisters andHecate strengthens the idea of a preset destiny. Thethree apparitions summoned by the witches (IV.i.) and theprophecies that go together with them are all visions ofthe future. Unfortunaly for Macbeth he manages to readthese manifestations of his destiny all wrong. Another important fatal element for Macbeth isLady Macbeth. She is also heavily manipulating Macbeth(II.ii.), although she does not have the supernaturalqualities of the Witches. She is clearly a woman drivenby an infinite lust for power. However, the only way forher to fulfill her personal agenda is through herhusband, Macbeth. Lady Macbeths character can be easilyinterpreted as a manifestation of the darker side of thehuman mind, an instrument between Macbeth and therealization of his inevitable destiny. 3.Free Will DiminishedWhen Macbeth has become King and felt power, hedoesnt want to give it up. At first he wasnt at peacebecause he wanted the throne, but hesitated to carry outthe murder. Now that he has the throne, he loses hispeace with the prospect of losing the crown. His onlychoice now is to kill Banquo and Fleance. He is trying towork against prophecy the third apparition somethinghe never learns not to do. While Macbeth carries out his dark deeds, he becomesa somewhat different person; he no longer possessescontrol over his destiny. His head becomes filled withimages of murder, ghosts and other signs of a disturbedmind. The vision of the dagger (II.i.) is the earliestexample of the duality and unstability of his character. Macbeths mind is contemplating the murder of Duncan, buthe clearly hasnt come to terms with it. After he has carried out the murder, Macbeth is ableto keep a mask of innocence. When he has the doubtfulBanquo murdered, and his ghost appears to haunt him(III.iv.), the frailty of his sanity is revealed to thewhole court. This may be regarded as a culmination point;either of his insanity, or the supernatural elements ofthe play. Once again, whether Macbeths sanity is failingor his vision is a real ghost, it makes no difference:He has lost control over his actions and reactions. 4.ConclusionMacbeths inevitable progress is the result ofmultiple separate factors. First, we see the Witchesgiving the spark to his hidden fantasies of power. Next,the femme fatale, Lady Macbeth manipulates him further. This is enough to make him commit murder